Consequently there are also a number ofapplications that now propose using flywheels as the energy storage medium. Theseinclude inrush control, voltage regulation and stabilization in substations for light rail,trolley, microturbine and wind generation.
Still the majority of products currently beingmarketed by national and international-based companies are targeted for power quality PQ applications. And the number one application in power quality is short-termbridging through power disturbances or from one power source to an alternate source. Flywheels are being marketed as environmentally safe, reliable, modular, and high-cyclelife alternatives to lead-acid batteries for uninterruptible power supplies UPSs and otherpower-conditioning equipment designed to improve the quality of power delivered tocritical or protected loads.
Three energy market support contributions of this technology are identified in the EPRI study:. Large power systems may experience instabilities associated with the delivery of power over long distances when there are abrupt changes in operating conditions. Such instabilities can cause high economic damage to installations. An example of such a instability is the north-south power corridor on the West Coast of the United States. A great deal of power is generated in the Pacific Northwest and is delivered to middle and Southern California via multiple transmission lines.
Oscillations in power through this corridor are generally insignificant but can be, under certain conditions, damaging. The conventional method to address this issue is to install additional transmission capacity in order to reduce the sensitivity.
Therefore, stability can be achieved by adding additional transmission lines, but this is at the expense of a variety of other issues such as environmental degradation. Renewable energy technologies are often located far from the location where the electricity is required. This is for instance the case with large scale solar and wind farms. To maintain system stability without energy storage with a high discharge rate, implementing additional transmission lines would be necessary.
Concluding: system stabilization, as provided by the distributed form of SMES, provides benefits primarily through the avoidance or deferral of new transmission requirements. In other words, the higher reliability of the system removes the need to construct additional transmission lines. As such, SMES is a technology that supports the deployment of renewable energy technologies. Power quality and back-up power is necessary at industrial installations substations of the electricity grid.
The power quality and back-up energy is used for a variety of conditions such as when momentary disturbances require real power injection to avoid power interruptions. In the case of industrial customers, a local source of power may be required when there is an interruption of power from the utility.
This power source may need to function until power from the utility is restored, until a reserve generator is started, or until critical loads are shut down in a safe manner. As such, SMES technology can provide this role of power quality and back-up power source. In the case of a substation, a variety of momentary disturbances such as lightning strikes or transmission flash overs cause power trips or low voltages.
Therefore: power quality benefits result primarily from reliable service. Issues such as outages and voltage sag can be avoided which can have high economic benefits. Demands for electric power vary both randomly and with predictable variations. Perhaps the most significant variation of power demand is the diurnal change associated with the functioning of an industrial society. Both commercial and residential demands are greater during the day than at night.
On the other hand, many power plants operate most efficiently and have longer lives if they operate continuously near their maximum power output. The value of this type of storage is based on the difference in marginal cost of off-peak power and the price paid for power during the peak.
An additional impact of diurnal storage is that it can replace or defer the installation of extra generation capacity to accommodate. Therefore: load- levelling benefits, or arbitrage benefits, result from the differential between the cost of on-peak and off-peak power. Schoenung and Hasselzahn studied the life cycle costs of various energy storage technologies, including flywheel technologies.
They differentiated between high speed and low speed flywheels. In addition the results include three different high-speed flywheel systems. The three are quite different in cost as one is designed for longer output, and the other two are optimized for a second output. It is not possible to show a "generic" high-speed flywheel system Schoenung and Hasselzahn,, The annual costs for several energy storage technologies is displayed in Figure 4.
This Figure relates to power quality applications of the energy storage technologies, and it can be seen that flywheel costs increase relatively marginally with longer discharge times compared to some of the other energy storage technologies. The components of annual costfor one-second systems are shown in Figure All technologies are dominated by capital cost.
As shown in Figure.. Lithium-ion batteries also have potential for this application because of the potential for long life. Battery systems and some flywheels can beoptimized for greater storage capacity. Abattery sized for one-second of discharge isthe same as a battery sized for 20 or 30seconds of discharge. This is not true formicro-SMES or supercapacitors. So thecomparison changes dramatically for second systems, as shown in Figure Notealso that the cost of a SMES systemincreases due to the large electrical powerrequirement for refrigeration.
At short discharge times, the costs are similar for all systems except the hydrogen fuel cell, whichis more expensive. With increasing storagetime, the curves diverge. Connecting countries to climate technology solutions.
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