Pimenta dioica - inflorescence. More Images. Type: Broadleaf evergreen. Family: Myrtaceae. Height: Spread: Bloom Time: July. Bloom Description: Creamy white. Maintenance: Medium. Garden locations. Culture Winter hardy to USDA Zones where it is easily grown in average, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun.
Problems No serious insect or disease problems. Uses Source of allspice. Cloves are the sun-dried, flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum , a tree native to the Molucca Islands between Celebes and New Guinea also known as the Spice Islands. Clove oil has antibacterial and painkilling anesthetic properties. When applied directly to the gums, it will numb the pain of toothache. A mouthwash containing clove oil has been shown to be effective in treating gingivitis.
Left: Shiny green leaves and trunk of the ray rum tree Pimenta racemosa on the island of St. John, U. Virgin Islands. Right: Bottle of fragrant bay rum cologne not to be confused with sugar cane rum. Capers are the pea-sized, unopened flower buds of Capparis spinosa Capparidaceae , a trailing shrub of the Mediterranean region.
They are used to flavor pickles, relishes and sauces, and are absolutely delicious on swordfish steaks and in spaghetti dishes. Seeds are spread by fruit-eating birds Staples et al. Being an aggressive species, it has the potential to outcompete native plants Space and Flynn, It is currently unknown how to best manage P. It was originally named by Linnaeus as Myrtus dioica. It was included in the genus Pimenta as P. The common name of allspice refers to the flavour of the berries of Pimenta dioica , which are picked when green and then dried to form a spice resembling nutmeg, cinnamon, pepper and cloves Rodriguez, There are several varieties of allspice, which are also listed as synonyms of the species see Identity section Missouri Botanical Garden, The bark is pale silver-brown, smooth and shiny, and sheds strips cm long.
Leaves are borne in clusters at the ends of branches. Flowers are white and in branching clusters; berries are green when unripe, turning deep purple to glossy black when ripe. Leaves are cm long, cm wide, simple, opposite, and aromatic when crushed.
They are dark green on the upper surface and lighter green beneath. The midrib is impressed on the upper surface and prominent beneath; leaves are pinnately veined, with lateral veins not very prominent.
Leaves are shed at intervals of Flowers are white, and occur on flower branches cm long. Flowers are structurally hermaphrodite, but functionally male or female. They are aromatic and mm in diameter.
Flowers have four rounded petals about mm long, which are quickly deciduous. The stamens are numerous, 5 mm long in male flowers, 50 in female flowers. The anther is cream coloured, the style white and 5 mm long, and the stigma is yellow.
Fruits are round, drooping berries mm in diameter, green when unripe turning deep purple to black when ripe. Fruits are aromatic on drying; dried unripe fruits are dark brown. The fruits consist of a thick pulp with two kidney-shaped seeds separated from each other by a membrane Rodriguez, ; Parthasarathy et al.
However there is some dispute over its exact origins Parthasarathy et al. There is disagreement over whether P. The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report. Spanish explorers and settlers in Jamaica harvested the leaves and berries of allspice, and there has been almost continuous production of berries in Jamaica from around to the present day Parthasarathy et al.
Since then it has been taken to Malaysia, Colombia, Venezuela and other tropical areas. With the exception of Grenada it has not thrived or produced as well as in Jamaica Rodriguez, The berries first reached London in and were first cultivated in a hot house in Parthasarathy et al.
Skolmen , via Starr et al. Detailed records of first introduction or invasion history for P. In Jamaica P. It is also a valued specimen and street tree. Because of its ornamental and economic value, it is likely that continued deliberate introductions by humans will occur. Seeds can be dispersed via birds Staples et al.
New introductions are likely to affect island systems in particular, and the species is thought to pose significant risk to island flora due to its aggressive nature and ability to naturalize PIER, a.
However, P. No specific details of habitats affected by P. Countries where P. There is a lot of variation in allspice with regard to yield and essential oil content, and on Jamaica there are many varieties, including dwarfs; some varieties produce many berries whilst others do not.
Mexican trees have larger berry size, but yield is lower Rodriguez, Germination occurs after 9—10 days and continues over a month. There is some discrepancy over when trees become fully fruit bearing: Parthasarathy et al.
The time and extent of flowering is affected by local conditions and climate, particularly the onset of spring rains Parthasarathy et al. Seeds germinating in the wild may take up to 10 years before flowering and fruiting. Full bearing can last for many years, over for exceptional trees Rodriguez, Seeds can be dispersed by fruit-eating birds Starr et al. Some trees can be barren, but the cause of this is currently unknown. Barren trees do however have a higher concentration of oil in their leaves.
The species does not readily thrive outside of Jamaica and Grenada, possibly due to reproductive processes when certain critical environmental factors are absent, or in an unbalanced or unsatisfactory state Rodriguez, In general, P.
It is somewhat selective over soil type, requiring free-draining coarse soil preferably in limestone areas. Skip to main content Screen Reader Access. Price Rs. Search form Search. List of all Spices Allspice. Bay Leaf. Bishop's Weed. Caraway Seed.
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